Death Penalty Outline

Understanding the Death Penalty General Purpose: My general purpose is to give the audience a better understanding of the death penalty. Specific Purpose: My purpose is to inform my audience about the different death penalty methods. Introduction: I. We all know Thomas Edison as being the creator of the light bulb, but what most don’t know is he executed animals using his knowledge of electricity. That’s where it all began. II. The death penalty is the execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense.III. It is also known as Capital Punishment. The two words merely mean the same thing. Some look at â€Å"Death Penalty† as being the penalty received whereas others look at â€Å"Capital Punishment† as being the actual execution. IV. What makes capital cases different from other cases is more pre-trial time, more experts, more attorneys, and jurors have to be quizzed on their views of the death penalty. All crimes are not capital cases. Transition: To begin let’s start with the different methods of execution. Body: I. There are five methods of execution. . Lethal injection b. Electric chair c. Gas chamber d. Hanging e. Fire squad Transition: First let’s explore lethal injection. I. Lethal Injection is the primary source of execution used in the United States; The U. S. became the first country to use lethal injection. There are three different drugs used in lethal injection. A. Sodium Thiopental- A sedative drug that puts you in a coma-like, unconsciousness sleep. B. Pancuronium Bromide- Prohibits all muscular-skeletal movements and paralyzes the diaphragm to stop respiration. C.Potassium Chloride- Interferes with the electrical signals of the heart, causing cardiac arrest. According to U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John G. Roberts, along with Justices Anthony M. Kennedy and Samuel A. Alito, There are a total of 36 states now use lethal injection as their most prevale nt source of execution. 27 of the 36 require lethal injection to be the method of execution. There is a lethal injection machine, but rarely used because of the fear that it will not work on the first try. II. Transition: Another method is the Electric Chair.This is the method where a high voltage of electricity is sent through the body. A. Before the execution, the prisoner’s head and legs will be shaved where the electrodes are placed. The prisoner’s head, torso, arm, legs, hips, wrists and ankles are tightly fastened to the chair. (Robert O. Hippe, Judge of the Nebraska Court of Appeals) B. A plate is placed around the prisoner’s head and left calf creating a path through the body. C. Larger sponges which have been soaked in solution are placed under each electrode, next to the prisoner’s skin.Burning is expected in electrocutions, so a fire extinguisher is kept close by. III. Transition: A third method of execution is the gas chamber. A. During an exe cution, the prisoner is placed in an air-tight room where potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide is put into a pan of hydrochloric acid causing the prisoner to not be able to process hemoglobin, as stated in the article â€Å"First Execution by Lethal Gas† B. The prisoner then falls and chokes to death. C. Only 4 states in the U. S. allow gas chamber as a form of execution. D. Gas chamber is the most expensive method of execution.IV. Transition: The fourth method of execution is hanging. A. The inmate must be weighed the day before the execution. A sandbag weighing the same as the prisoner is then used a â€Å"test dummy† to determine the length of drop necessary for a quick death. B. If the rope is too long, the inmate could be decapitated. If the rope is too short, it will result in a slow death causing the tongue and eyes to protrude. C. Hanging was the most common source of execution in the U. S. up until the 1890’s. V. Transition: The final method of execution is the firing squad. A.Five shooters will aim at the prisoner, but only four will have live aim. One shooter has a dud that creates the same sound. B. They all shoot at an area the size the palm of your hand. (Kevin P. Robillard, Editorial Assistant at POLITICO) Conclusion: I. Transition: I have informed you about the death penalty and the five methods of execution. f. Lethal injection g. Electric chair h. Gas chamber i. Hanging j. Fire squad II. I hope that now you have a better understanding of the death penalty. WORKS CITED . â€Å"Capital Punishment. †Ã‚  ProCon. org. Encyclopedia Britannica , 25/04/2008.Web. 10 Sep 2012. . Richard, Dieter. ProCon. org. N. p. , 07/02/2007. Web. 10 Sep 2012. . . â€Å"Forms of execution in the United States,1977-2009. â€Å"ProCon. org. N. p. , 16/04/2008. Web. 10 Sep 2012. . . â€Å"Did you know?. †Ã‚  ProCon. org. N. p. , 08/05/2012. Web. 10 Sep 2012. .

Scholarship Letter Sample

Sample Scholarship Inquiry Letter This letter provides a sample format for inquiring about private student aid funds. Of course, you must first identify foundations and organizations which offer such assistance well in advance of any application deadlines. You can get help finding the names and addresses of private aid sources by conducting a scholarship search on the Internet or from a reference librarian in your public library or local school.Once you have obtained contact information you will need to customize this letter to reflect your own background and needs by replacing the bracketed boldface text below. [Your Street Address] [Your City, State and Zip] [Ms. Susan B. A. Dollar] [Director of Big Money Awards] [Lots of Money Organization] [P. O. Box 9999] [Moneytown, USA 99999-9999] Dear Ms. Dollar: I am writing to inquire about any student financial assistance that the [Lots of Money Organization] may offer to college-bound students. Enter a concise paragraph about your backgr ound and goals. Try to show how you meet the requirements of the organization’s financial assistance programs. If this is a letter to find out if the organization offers aid, write a short paragraph about how your background and ambitions coincide with the mission of the organization and might qualify you for assistance that may be offered. I would greatly appreciate information about any student financial assistance available through your organization, including how I may apply for this assistance. Information about application forms and deadlines for the [20XX-XX] academic year would also be appreciated. If you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me by phone at [your area code and phone number] or via e-mail at [your e-mail address]. Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Sincerely, [Your Name] Â © NASFAA 2008 1

Oedipus Rex – Entrapment of Mankind Through Reasoning

For example, when Alias and Oedipus Rexes were reveled with their prophecies, they tried to divert themselves away from it. As a result, they reverted themselves into the prophecy, therefore fulfilling it. Although man tries to control their own fate, in reality, such control is impossible and cannot be possessed. Through the use of Oedipus' life decisions, diction, and connotation of words to display the idea that man's most powerful attribute fails mankind. In other words, through Oedipus Rexes, Sophocles shows that reasoning cannot give mankind the power and control they sire. Therefore, such control and power for mankind does not exist.Oedipus Rexes proves that man's most powerful attribute Is reasoning. Sophocles gives his readers the idea that mankind is trapped through their most powerful attribute. Oedipus Rexes believed that he could escape the reality of his prophecy through his attempts to reason throughout it. However, his aim to avoid the prophecy using reason failed him . As the prophecy was revealed to Oedipus, he believed he could avoid it by leaving Corinth and the family whom he believed was his own blood. However, this thought of his is what failed him and lead to Oedipus actually fulfilling the prophecy.This decision leads mankind to believe that they can control their life through reasoning. As Oedipus moves onto Thebes, he crosses through the road where three roads meet. At this exact road, he meets Alias, his father, whom he does not know. Alias and Oedipus begin a feud start brawling with one another. Thus, completed. Although Oedipus continues onto Thebes and solves the sphinx's riddle, his success leads him into the second part of his prophecy being fulfilled as he meets Coast, marries her, bears children with her, and birth children of incest.In spite of the fact that Oedipus' best characteristic is his constant attempt to reason, it's his exact reasoning and questioning that lead him to the â€Å"truth† of the prophecy. Despite Oedipus' failed attempts to control the prophecy, Alias is also another culprit of failed attempts to reason. Alias, King of Thebes, birth a child with Coast and believed that he could become the next ruler of Thebes. However, a prophecy was told to Alias that his own son would soon murder him and take over. At this very moment, he decides It's best to bind Oedipus' feet and send him away to die.He does not realize, however, that this decision leads him Into the entrapment of his own life. He fulfills the actual prophecy when he tries to take Oedipus out of his life. This Is another failed attempt of reason. Therefore, man's most powerful attribute of proves that reasoning brings mankind doom. As Alias did not want his baby to kill him, he sends the baby away. The Old man sees the baby and picks it up because no mortal being would see a baby hurt and abandoned without having to pick it up. He gives the baby to his King of Thebes because he knows they cannot bare a child, feeling pi ty for them all.Oedipus himself hears about the prophecy and runs away from it. All these people, all these steps were made from attempts to reason and control the world, when in reality, it ultimately failed. Mankind cannot use their so- called â€Å"most powerful attribute of reasoning† to control their lives. If reasoning brings doom to mankind, what is the purpose of reasoning itself? Sophocles answers this question by proving through Oedipus Rexes that reasoning traps mankind, making mankind limited. The Chorus, whom supports Oedipus the most out of all characters of the play, reveal their thoughts and true emotion towards the doom of Oedipus.Through their character, Sophocles conveys the pity one may feel towards Oedipus whom was a great man dealt with UN inevitable doom. In a passage by the Chorus on pig. 18, they stated, â€Å"A prince of men/ Whose loot what citizen/ Did not with Emmy see,] How Deep the billows of calamity/Above him roll/Watch therefore and regard t hat supreme day;/And of no mortal say/That man is happy,† datelined by no grievous ill/He pass Life's goal In this passage, the Chorus shows how great of a man Oedipus was, nonetheless, how great of a King he was.He was not only great because of his role as King, he was great because he reasons. However, this characteristic of constant reasoning, to pursue and search for the truth leads to the fulfillment of the prophecy. When the Chorus says, â€Å"billows of calamity', they talk about the mass destruction Oedipus was placed in. On that day, he was realized he entrapped himself into the prophecy. Therefore, Oedipus acts as a representation of mankind, conveying the idea that seasoning dooms us all and traps mankind. Mankind is under the illusion that control exists and reason works.Through the first half of the stanza, the Chorus exemplifies their support for Oedipus. He was a Prince out of all the men, who gained respect and order from his people. After Oedipus discovered h is tragic state in the prophecy, such a situation could not be explained. It was disastrous, catastrophic, devastating, but all these words do not show how grievous this day was for Oedipus. He believed he escaped the prophecy and lead to be a King, a King of whom many honored. He set out to believe that he must save his city from disaster, from the plague, when he was the plague himself.The Chorus tells the readers to watch the day Oedipus fell into the prophecy and learn that no human being is lucky. No man has a goal, for their most powerful attribute fails them ultimately. Therefore, no man is lucky until they are dead. Sophocles shows through Oedipus Rexes that reasoning cannot give mankind the power and control that they desire. Through the understanding of the way Alias and Oedipus both failed at their attempts to reason and the Journey Oedipus invests myself into throughout the play, readers are able to see how Oedipus portrays a representation of mankind.Through his represe ntation, one may find that although doom upon him. This leads to the idea that reasoning fails mankind and the purpose of reasoning is invalid. Sophocles uses Oedipus life decisions, diction, and connotation of words to display the idea that man's most powerful attribute fails mankind. Although man tries to control their own fate, in reality, such control is impossible and cannot be be possessed.

The history of the first crusade Research Paper

The history of the first crusade - Research Paper Example hy the crusades were started is that the Muslims had taken the holy land and this was causing problems for the Christian pilgrims who were trying to visit the holy land. The same article above stated that Pope Urban called the crusade â€Å"God’s will† to take the holy land back, and this inspired many to take up arms and go to the holy land for God, but long before the first sword was sharpened for this purpose, the Christian pilgrims were able to visit the holy land without problems despite it being occupied by the Muslims. Since there seemed to be no conflict, then why did the Pope order the crusade and name it â€Å"God’s Will†? The reason for this goes deeper than the Muslims occupying Jerusalem. Many reasons combined in order to prompt the calling of the crusade. According to the-orb.net, during this time, Alexius Comnenus, the eastern emperor noticed an advancing treat on his kingdom, the Seljuk Turks. This threat came after Europe’s survival of many other attackers such as the Magyars, Vikings, and Saracens. Fearing that the new threat would take over his City of Constantinople, the emperor sought allies to aid him in driving these Turks away. The ally that decided to help him was Pope Urban II. He had good reason to support the eastern emperor’s need of an army. One of these reasons is that at the time, according to the article, the eastern and western churches were split and Pope Urban needed to find a way to bring the two churches together. He was also please that the eastern Emperor chose him as an ally because, according to the article, the Holy Roman Emperor had set up a â€Å"rival† pope to manage in another issue, but he was chosen to aid the eastern Emperor. He gave the speech and promised remission of sins, the support of God and the church as... It is evident from the study that religion and conflict have gone hand in hand through out man’s history. People have been defending and fighting for what they believe for as long as records have been written, and these conflicts come in all sizes and forms, from the smallest and most peaceful arguments, to full-blown wars with fighting and bloodshed. Some have even speculated that most of the world’s major wars would not have happened if not for religion. This is very ironic since most, if not all religions teach their followers about peace and kindness towards their fellow man, but make no mistake about it, countless people have fought and died over their religious beliefs. This makes these kinds of struggles a very important and pivotal part of mankind’s history and can also be considered major contributors that shaped our civilization. This crusade is one of the most pivotal and discussed points of history. Not only did it begin the series of crusades that ch anged the face of Christianity, it also marked one of the most fervent defenses of religion in history. The resources that this paper has used present the reader with 3 different approaches to the story of the first crusade. On the one hand, we have an approach that creates a picture of a self-serving pope with political intentions, on the other hand, there is a picture of a pop and emperor attempting to defend their subservient people from an aggressive force, and the last approach shows us a more neutral side.

Management Communications with Technology Tools Research Paper

Management Communications with Technology Tools - Research Paper Example The supervisors may at times also be abusive; this may cause the subordinates to also act in an abusive manner, especially when they are not of the reason behind the supervisor’s abusive behavior. Therefore, there is a need to find the cause of the supervisor-subordinate problems as well as provide solutions so as to increase productivity.   The content of the paper will mainly be based on previous studies by various scholars who have researched on the issue with a view to provide a solution. Various authors and scholars have addressed supervisor-subordinate problems. Elangovan & Xle carried out a study which demonstrated that perceived power from supervisors was more robustly associated to an increase in motivation and a decrease in stress for subordinates with low self-esteem than for the ones with high self-esteem† (Elangovan & Xle, 1999). In an attempt to solve this problem, Herbert Blake came up with the DIRECT approach (Blake, 2004). In this approach, each letter has a meaning; D-Develop, meaning that supervisors should help their subordinates develop whatever is required of them in carrying out their duty. I-Involve, meaning that supervisors should involve their subordinates in decisions referring to them. ... meaning that supervisors should maintain positive communication with their subordinates and also, the subordinates should feel free to communicate with their supervisors. T-Trust, meaning that supervisors and subordinates should trust each other to ensure smooth running of the organization (Blake, 2004).According to Blake, the DIRECT approach would solve the problems in the communication between subordinates and supervisors if followed. Kutz and Kahn (1978) worked together in an attempt to provide a solution to the communication problem. The pair divided communication into five parts. The first part is job instructions, this where the supervisor gives an explanation on what is expected to be done by the subordinates. This promotes go od relations between supervisors and subordinates as it minimizes possible lack of fulfilling the requirements. The second part of communication is the information rationale; this is where the supervisor explains to the subordinate why a certain job should be done in a particular way. This promotes good understanding to the subordinate and leads to increased productivity in the organization. The third part of communication is procedures and practices; this is where the supervisor informs the subordinates the general manner in which jobs are accomplished within an organization. This promotes good working relations between the supervisors and subordinates and increases their productivity. The fourth part of communication according to Kutz and Kahn is feedback; this is where the supervisor gets back to the subordinates in relations with their performance in the organization. The feedback motivates the subordinates to keep on improving in doing their job and as a result improving the or ganization’s productivity.  Ã‚  

University of California Application Personal Statement - 1

University of California Application - Personal Statement Example I have been reading publications on computer science that have rekindled my passion and interest to undertake a computer science course at the University of California. I got involved in a Program dealing with Science and Technology Innovation in high school in 2012. It was a competition that had 381 teams; 2,356 people participating and a total of 42 countries. In this -InRoboCup2012 competition, I was a programmer of Macau robot team, and my job was coded for the robots and background. I used C++ and arduino to control the servo motors (Robots) and lights (background). Through hard work and diligence, I received awards from this competition due to exemplary work that I displayed in the competition. The awards were World Champion - RoboCup 2012 Mexico City (RoboCup Junior and an award for the best Presentation -RoboCup 2012 Mexico City (RoboCup Junior. Additionally, I have awards in Dance League – Super Team Secondary and Dance League –Special Awards Secondary, which indicate how passionate I am in succeeding at what I do. Getting involved in this competition elevated my logic in computers and hence the desire for further studies in the field at your institution, which I understand has programs that will enhance my skills and make me be among the best in this field in my career. As an individual who is passionate about solving problems that face people, I believe computer science as a field that enhances problem-solving skills is a fit for me, especially with the good computer science and technology programs in your institution. My interest to pursue studies in computers science is further motivated by the large gap that I have in skills and knowledge in the field in breadth and width hence the desire to bridge this gap with studying computer science and technology further. I am sure the skills that I will get in this field will enable me transfer the skills from the classroom to practice and use my computing skills to

Critically evaluate the strategic role of global information systems Essay - 1

Critically evaluate the strategic role of global information systems for organisations and discuss the management issues associa - Essay Example For firms, adoption of information systems requires investment resources such as time and personnel (King, 2009). Organizations in different industries always strive to be market leaders in their respective market segments. Where the business environment consists of inflation, recession and tough operating conditions, businesses opt for strategies aimed at gaining a competitive edge over their competitors (Drucker, &Maciariello, 2008).Among these strategies can be the one that enables adoption of an information system by a firm. The system enables the organization make optimum use of its data, cut down on costs and increases efficiency.Information systems store and analyze data faster and in a more secure manner unlike the outdated manual way of data handling. Hardcopy management of data and records is no longer in use. Today, most companies opt for sophisticated databases that store data in any format, be it text, image or video files, update the data as well analyze the data at the click of a mouse (Drucker, &Maciariello, 2008). Through faster analysis of data, quicker solutions to present and future problems are easily determined. Another role of information systems is that of assisting in the decision making process (King, 2009). Success for an enterprise depends upon the strategic plans a firm adopts. The management of a firm uses management information systems to come up with strategic plans for the continued success of the firm (King, 2009). Information systems also play a role in the development of business processes that aim at adding value to a firm’s operations. Continuous business process remodeling is necessary for enhancing the quality of a firm’s products as well as cost minimization. Global information systems are basically information systems designed for the global market. Global information systems are more developed to cater for specific world markets and attempt to deliver functionality to a firm within the context of the whol e world (Laudon, &Laudon, 2002). With global information systems, focus is on the global setting, in a wider scope largely translating to distributed systems. Software’s for these systems are developed with the concept of global (Laudon, &Laudon, 2002). Design for these systems concern process flow in the systems, architecture as mechanisms for supporting the functions of the system. Information systems are composed are composed of information technology, business applications, development processes of the systems, foundation concepts as well as management challenges (Taylor, 2004). Information technology comprises of hardware software, data, networks and other technologies. System development processes concerns how the systems are developed and implemented. Foundation concepts are about technical and business concepts concerning components and functioning of the system (Sarngadharan&Minimol, 2010). Managerial challenges on information systems on the other hand concern how th e management of functions of information system componentsachieve optimum performance. Management issues in planning for information systems In planning for a global information system, the management team carries out a comprehensive analysis of how the firm’s business operations are conducted. This analysis will determine whether or not adoption of an information system will be of benefit to the firm (Sarngadharan & Minimol, 2010). When a firm operates globally, the scenario in the different markets is almost similar

Steganography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Steganography - Essay Example Various data sizes are embedded onto the images and PSNR is also recorded for every image evaluated. The current media and communication domain is subjugated by digital multimedia artifacts. In essence, digital content usage has turned out to be a reality to most individuals. Nevertheless, with the exception of its daily usage, digital media play a significant role in research and academics. Media facilitated the access to essential resources, training of essential skills and efficient time management. However, the information processing tasks which are performed by such media, still need to develop significantly. Through embedding; intended to connect two data types and improve the metadata capacity, steganography might come handy in resolving this issue. In the given research, the author seeks to undertake an analysis of digital multimedia and its effects on numerous aspects of human life, through the inclusion of spatial domain of steganography. As specified, the analysis will be undertaken through the least significant bit subscription scheme (LSB). The selection of research methodology was preset by the high levels of simplicity, remarkably huge hiding capacity, and the essence that it relies on such particulars of human eye as the insensitivity of low bit images. When stereo-image has not to be choked by the SDDS system, there is need to have messages embedded at a specific spot; thus offering maintenance to the statistical aspects on the cover page. Examining the spatial domain embedding technique, which limits the selection of a given position as a result of the message distribution regularity, it is clear that the process of embedding a message in a specific location would be faced by a number of challenges including: definin g the changes in the spatial project. With the subject project, the mapping technique would be utilized so

The Patriarchal and Hierarchical Development of Western Civilization Research Paper

The Patriarchal and Hierarchical Development of Western Civilization - Research Paper Example The earliest human civilizations emerged in the great river deltas of the world, where the land was fertile, water was plentiful, and the rivers provided a means of easy transport. It was the ability to create food surpluses, store them and transport them around the local area that prompted early societies to give up a nomadic hunter gatherer lifestyle, and develop solid buildings for permanent residence. This created the leisure time for experimentation and the practical need for the development of technologies. In Mesopotamia the first writing tablets appear to have been made, and they record many lists and commercial details relating to the trade in basic goods. The famous Epic of Gilgamesh tells the story of a famous ruler who started out behaving badly towards his subjects, and particularly women. He has a lot of power, partly because of his status as heir to the throne of Uruk, but partly also because â€Å"Two thirds of him is god, one-third of him is human† (Tablet 1). He is descended from a goddess, and the story tells of his interactions with both human and godly characters. Goddesses play a big part in the plot, since it is the goddess Aruru who creates the special friend Enkidu for Gilgamesh, and the goddess Ishtar openly taunts him and tries to tempt him into a relationship with her. Gilgamesh is at the mercy of these divine figures, and they largely determine the course of his life. Gilgamesh refuses the advances of Ishtar, showing great strength of character, but in the course of the epic he comes to learn the lessons that his mother and the other goddesses have made every effort to teach him: love for others is of much greater worth than riches, fame and power. The power of the female to bring forth life, and the danger of amorous entanglements, remain key motifs in the story, and they serve to tame the faults of the male, and to counterbalance his arrogance and immaturity. The ruler Gilgamesh at the end of the epic reflects on the massiv e architecture of his city’s walls which encloses the well-ordered community that thrives under the care of the goddess Ishtar: â€Å"is not even (the core of) the brick structure of kiln-fired brick, †¦ one league city, one league palm gardens, one league lowlands, the open area of the Ishtar temple, three leagues, and the open area of Uruk it encloses† (tablet XI). The moral of the tale is that he finally accepts that he must settle down as an administrator in a settled urban community, rather than a wanderer in search of amorous or other adventure. In contrast to this the female characters in The Iliad, which dates from more than a thousand years later, are little more than goods to be passed from one powerful male hero to another, sometimes more or less willingly in matrimony, and sometimes as the spoils of war. In The Iliad notions of power are very much the main theme (Sherman, 2003, p. 47) The women like Helen of Troy are trophies, and their function is mor e symbolic than as an active participant in society. Homer stresses the heroic deeds of the warriors, and his western society values possessions, cities, and conquering other peoples. The patriarchal line of descent is stressed through the frequent repetition of lists of names and titles such as this: â€Å"After Diomede same the Atreidae/Agamemnon and Menelaus and then/the two named Aias, jacketed with brawn/then came Idomeneus and his

E-mail and social media investigations Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E-mail and social media investigations - Article Example Pharming involves a hacker installing a spiteful code on a private computer or one’s server that later redirects to a webpage that was not expected and smishing involves the use of text messages to entice customers (Van, 2013). The advantages of circular logging is that it helps provide recovery from any transaction failure or any form of system crash through that may occur (Van, 2013). The logs are retained until the integrity of the current transactions is ensured. The disadvantage, however, is that it is difficult to restore the database and roll it forward in case a failure occurs. When investigating an e-mail abuse, one needs to detect how the server registers and handles the email upon receiving it. This is because the e-mail can either in the form of a flat file or the users’ e-mail (Van, 2013). The information available on social media may be used in investigation, since social media acts a snitch (Van, 2013). The information can be used through scrolling through the current updates and the feeds that the site might have. This means that the sites can be used as crime detection partners through provision of evidence. Proof of integrity and validity can be accessed through finding the origin of the report and the reporters of the same (Van,

An Important Person in History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Important Person in History - Essay Example In many discourses and articles, he demanded a capable prosecution against servitude and bigotry, gave an unstoppable voice of trust for his kin, grasped abolitionism governmental issues and lectured his brand of American beliefs. Douglass life as a reformer went from his abolitionist exercises in the early 1840s to his strike on Jim Crow and lynching in the 1890s. For sixteen years he altered a powerful dark daily paper and attained universal acclaim as a speaker and essayist of extraordinary enticing force. In many talks and articles he collected an overpowering prosecution against bondage and bigotry, gave an unstoppable voice of trust for his kin, grasped slavery resisting legislative issues, and lectured his brand of American beliefs. In the 1850s he broke with the strictly moralist brand of abolitionism headed by William Lloyd Garrison; he underpinned the early ladies rights development; and he gave immediate aid to John Browns trick that prompted the attack on Harpers Ferry in 1859. The overwhelming American slave account initially distributed in 1845, Frederick Douglass Narrative compellingly subtle elements the life of the abolitionist from his introduction to the world into subjection in 1818 to his break to the North in 1838, how he bear the day by day physical and profound brutalities of his holders and driver, how he figured out how to peruse and compose, and how he developed into a man who could just live free or pass on. Notwithstanding Douglass fantastic collection of memoirs, this new version additionally incorporates his most acclaimed discourse "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?" and his just known work of fiction, The Heroic Slave, which was composed, to some extent, as a reaction to Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin. Previous slave, ardent abolitionist, splendid essayist, daily paper editorial manager and expressive speaker whose discourses terminated

Executive Summary Expedia vs Priceline Essay Example for Free

Executive Summary Expedia vs Priceline Essay Expedia and Priceline are the leading competitors of the online travel service. With travel being one of the Internets hottest commodities, these two companies have been in competition for the top spot. Both businesses offer great deals on hotels, car rentals, and most importantly travel accommodations. The financial post online interviewed Expedia’s managing director Sean Shannon about how he keeps the online travel superstore unique. He noted that they â€Å"invest a lot in technology and software writers and coders, who work to make the shopping experience better and figure out ways to stay ahead of the curve (Ovsey, 2001). † With both companies reaching new heights of Internet success, the need to be informed of each other’s business policies and ideas is very important. Many customers of both Expedia and Priceline already had a combined travel agency that would normally have taken care of their travel plans. When the Internet boom exploded, companies such as Microsoft jumped on the idea of having a travel agency online. The Wall Street Journal Online Edition confirms this need for technology by reporting on the company’s participation in J.P. Morgan’s annual telecom conference. The Wall Street Journal agrees, â€Å"Expedia, Inc. is the largest online travel company in the world, with an extensive brand portfolio that includes some of the worlds leading online travel brands (Expedia, inc. to, 2013).† This would enable a new customer base that would promote Internet sales, and an easier way of life for frequent travelers. Selling points for both of these companies is extremely important, as the transition from a brick and mortar company to a web based company was a hard shift. These companies have not only been in competition for over 10 years, but they have boosted profits every year. The Atlantic Online posted an opinion about Priceline in 2010 regarding the success of the online travel company compared to that of Expedia. They stated, â€Å"Pricelines stock price is up almost 90 percent, while its competitors have flat lined (Expedia) (Madrigal, 2010).† This shows the customer, that even though these companies are in competition, they have done well enough to withstand many economic ups and downs over the years. The importance of stability and growth over the years is very important to a consumer who deserves quality in purchasing potentially high dollar items. The following report specifics the financial reports from the last three years for both companies. This provides established proof that both companies are thriving in what they do.

Goods and Services Tax (GST) Advantages and Disadvantages

Goods and Services Tax (GST) Advantages and Disadvantages Executive summary On whether the goods and services tax uncertainty (GST) will be implemented in Malaysia and was eventually suppressed in 2013 October 25, the consumption tax in the 2014 budget will be announced in Malaysias first launched from 2015 April 1, 6%. It will replace the current sales and service tax. Consumption tax, also known as the value added tax (VAT), is a multi-phase of consumption tax. It is a broad-based consumption tax that covers all areas of the economy. All local production of goods and services imports will be taxed. Exceptions to this form of taxation are listed as zero for a specific commodity and service rated power supply, and dispense with the supply. Introduction of goods and services tax (GST), the first is the 2005 budget, to replace the existing sales and service tax structure in Malaysia announced. This new tax reform is expected to be implemented in January 2007, but the government has announced that in February 22, 2006, the implementation will be postponed to a later date. In 2010, the government is currently completing the final phase of the implementation of the consumption tax, in particular, to identify the impact of goods and services tax on society. Is the implementation of the consumption tax will witness, not only in the manufacturing industry and service industry will be affected, but also in other areas, such as education, health, transportation, financial services, agriculture, mining, oil, land, real estate and construction industry, telecommunications, electricity and water industry. In addition, the consumption tax will also be levied on the export service / international service, government, charity, clubs, associations and trade unions. After the introduction of the first consumer tax, there is a conflict of opinion. However, the consumption tax will also provide more income, and strengthen our economic future. According to Malaysian research of economic research professor Datuk Mohamaarif Abdul Karim, who is has been the strongest supporters of the consumption tax in Malaysia implementation of, former executive director believes that the consumption tax is not only a need to raise more revenue for the government, but also to disperse source of income.This will require the issuance of business between the preparation and consumption tax will become a heavy burden on the general publics view. Its time is too long to discuss and review the benefits of new tax implementation and the most important issue is to businesses and the public, they prefer a win-win situation. Datuk Jacob George, Subang and Shah Alam, Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1.1.1 Basic Concept of GST 1.1.2 Types and rates of GST 2.0 Consequences of GST 2.1 Expected Aggregate Consumption and Economic growth of Malaysia 3.0 Conclusion 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Why GST? 5.0 Conclusion 1.0 Introduction This chapter mainly discusses the research background, problem statement, research objectives, research questions and the significance of the research. 1.1 Research Background On whether the goods and services tax uncertainty (GST) will be implemented in Malaysia and was eventually suppressed in 2013 October 25, the consumption tax in the 2014 budget will be announced in Malaysias first launched from 2015 April 1, 6%. It will replace the current sales and service tax. Consumption tax, also known as the value added tax (VAT), is a multi-phase of consumption tax. It is a broad-based consumption tax that covers all areas of the economy. All local production of goods and services imports will be taxed. Exceptions to this form of taxation are listed as zero for a specific commodity and service rated power supply, and dispense with the supply. 1.1.1 Basic Concept of GST Consumption tax is the consumption of goods and services received at each stage of the supply chain. Although the consumption tax levied from the supplier until the supply chain of the retail stage, not the formation of a portion of the production cost of the GST payment business input can be required to protect the back of the. Therefore, there is a certain number of products through the supply chain is irrelevant, because in the early stages of payment of business input tax can always be canceled by the merchant in the supply chain. 1.1.2 Types and rates of GST Three categories of consumption tax will be used in Malaysia from 2015 to April 1st, the main difference between the rate and the method to deal with each tax. First of all, the standard level of supplies products and services, is charged with the standard rate. Business to charge a consumption tax, and pay to the government. They can submit an expense account provided by the credit to their tax input than the output of the tax. Second, the zero rate of supplies they bear a zero taxable goods and services. Enterprises can apply for income tax credit, they bring these supplies, it will be levied on the zero tax rate. Third, the exemption of supplies of non-taxable goods are eligible for tax deduction, which means they will not charge any taxes. Of course, the enterprise cant claim the input tax credit, when they put these materials. In addition, they are not eligible to receive the output tax for consumers 2.0 Consequences of GST GST is a broad-based tax. Therefore, it is generally considered a tax rebate. Now, return to the true meaning? In brief, a tax rebate is a burden to the poor, because it requires a relatively large proportion of the lower income. Most of the time, the foundation of a wide range of tax revenue is a serious concern to the policy makers. However, in spite of this, GST has been introduced in 160 countries in the world. These 160 countries, not all of them have experienced the consumption tax of the tired. Some developing countries, such as Vietnam, Ethiopia, and Pakistan, are facing a gradual GST, in no small part because these countries adopt the basic essentials, as well as the exemption of zero tax rate. As mentioned earlier, there is a concept of the GST is decreasing First impressions are strongest. This argument, however, does not take into account the fact that the basic essentials are not taxed in developing countries. When the element is taken into account, the value added tax c an be naturally progressive Another problem with the idea of a decision maker and the public is that the consumption tax will be inflation. There have been important debates and literature on this issue. For example, Saeed A. Bashur (2008) emphasize the introduction of business and services tax does not necessarily lead to inflation. He explained that this is because the definition of inflation is repeatedly rising, the average price over time, does not mean onceand for all to raise prices. Mukhopadhyay Sukumar (2005) said the GST could not, itself cause the rate to continue to increase the price level. But, nonetheless, Marty Viren (2008) found that over half of the tax increase (GST in this case) transferred to the consumer price. In our in-depth study of this issue, we will look at the implementation of the GST/ value added tax and its relationship with the changes in the choice of the year before and after the annual inflation rate? For this purpose, we expanded Table 1.1 to include inflation rates in the r espective countries. 2.1 Expected Aggregate Consumption and Economic growth of Malaysia The implementation of the VAT tends to stimulate public interest, sometimes becoming an important factor in the election. Many people believe that VAT would adversely affect the total consumption, and would undermine economic growth. In addition, the lower VAT rate is sometimes in a recession by stimulating economic growth, strengthening the total consumption of the argument. Miki (2011) told reporters, declining economic expansion, although overall consumption and consumption tax implemented, also increased consumption and overall economic growth in the consumption tax increase before. This will offset the negative impact after filling. Other economists say the impact of the VAT rate is only temporary, so we should not be afraid of it. Logically, if there is a declared government will implement VAT, certainly people will buy that can be raised before the VAT rate of inventory items. Subsequently, after the implementation of VAT, the total consumption will fall, because people will use them before the stock to replace the VAT buy new items to purchase. In this case, economic growth will decline. After this, the total consumption will gradually grow to their stock ran out, the need to purchase new items. Therefore, the impact of the VAT change is easy to understand the theory, but it is difficult to grasp the importance of this effect in practice. Needless to say, the total consumption and economic growth not only changes in the VAT rate to determine. Hamburg (1954) and Barro (1991) shows that the total consumption by income, wealth, interest rates, the age distribution of the population to determine. 3.0 Conclusion What constitutes an ugly truth? The traditional definition of an ugly truth is a reality is a painful acceptance, but because it is called the true, it is necessary to accept it.. So what constitutes a beautiful lie? The traditional definition of a beautiful lie is what people really want that is true, but people know it is not. From the governments point of view, the government has been trying to persuade the public to replace the sales and service tax with GST will not lead to price increases, even though they know that this may not be the case. This will create an ex post behavior that people believe that the price of goods and services will not increase, causing inflation expectations to disappear. If there is little or no increase in the consumption tax, it will be a beautiful lie. All in all, GST is the ugly truth in Malaysia or a beautiful lie? Our results refer to forward. GST in Malaysia is an ugly truth. Let us emphasize two points again. First, the government has always claimed that 6% of the consumption tax will replace 16% of sales and service tax. On paper, it sounds like a good. People will think that there is a tax cut of 10%. However, the fact is that there will be an increase of 2% from 4% to 6%. Secondly, the Chinese government has always insisted that the price of goods and services will not increase. People will still spend and the economy will grow to predict. However, our results show that prices will increase in the short and long term, the decline of precipitation in domestic consumption. Economic growth will be blocked. 4.0 Introduction Introduction of goods and services tax (GST), the first is the 2005 budget, to replace the existing sales and service tax structure in Malaysia announced. This new tax reform is expected to be implemented in January 2007, but the government has announced that in February 22, 2006, the implementation will be postponed to a later date. In 2010, the government is currently completing the final phase of the implementation of the consumption tax, in particular, to identify the impact of goods and services tax on society. Is the implementation of the consumption tax will witness, not only in the manufacturing industry and service industry will be affected, but also in other areas, such as education, health, transportation, financial services, agriculture, mining, oil, land, real estate and construction industry, telecommunications, electricity and water industry. In addition, the consumption tax will also be levied on the export service / international service, government, charity, clubs, associations and trade unions. After the introduction of the first consumer tax, there is a conflict of opinion. However, the consumption tax will also provide more income, and strengthen our economic future. According to Malaysian research of economic research professor Datuk Mohamaarif Abdul Karim, who is has been the strongest supporters of the consumption tax in Malaysia implementation of, former executive director believes that the consumption tax is not only a need to raise more revenue for the government, but also to disperse source of income.This will require the issuance of business between the preparation and consumption tax will become a heavy burden on the general publics view. Its time is too long to discuss and review the benefits of new tax implementation and the most important issue is to businesses and the public, they prefer a win-win situation. Datuk Jacob George, Subang and Shah Alam, President of the Consumers Association for people to accept any new form of tax , the government must make significant efforts, to education and to the consumer explain clearly on the new tax and how it will benefit them in the long term run.It must to the confidence of the public, they pay to the government the surcharge is well managed, in line with the best interests of their. In addition, the main difficulty of the changes to do not have any preparation. According to the tax expert Dr. Arjunan, theres always a change of resistance, or even better. The main challenge is to solve the mentality of the taxpayer. They need to be educated in this new indirect tax method. In addition, the consumption tax law is one of the most supreme opinion of the law of consumption tax law. In addition, the importance of goods and services tax is due to it is not only related to the issue of tax reasons, but it is a comprehensive problem, it cannot be taken for granted. 4.1 Why GST? In the current environment, there are two acts of its management is called sales tax in 1972 (Act 64) and Services Tax in 1975 (Act 151) of goods and services. These two taxes are handled by the Royal Malaysian Customs (Customs). Sales tax on consumers who consume taxable goods, then collected and accountable to the Customs by commercial enterprises. Service tax is imposed on the other hand, consumers who consume food or service, such as in hotels, health center premises or engaged in professional services, such as auditing firms and the services of the second program service tax regulations in 1975 listed Two basic consumer sales and service tax is a single stage tax levied at the consumption stage. It is called a single-stage tax due to the fact that tax is only one, or at the input or output stage. Compared to the existing sales and service tax, excise duty and value added tax (VAT) is a multi-stage tax. This is due to the tax paid in the production and sale of intermediaries at e very stage. In other words the consumption tax levied at every level of the production and distribution chain until the end consumer. In the pursuit of realization of goods and services tax in Malaysia, the government has set up a tax review panel includes representatives from the public sector and the private sector. Scope tax review panel include developing concept, legislation, processes and procedures of the consumption tax. As a reference group to review several countries, including New Zealand goods and services Tax 1985 Act so far, the United Kingdom VAT Act 1994, tax laws of the Republic of South Africa in 1991, the VAT tax, goods and services in 1991, the Canadian document, goods and services Tax sales tax luxury goods and services, Singapore 2000 Indonesia 1993 Act, the new system (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999, Australia, Thailand, in 1992 VAT Act, VAT and Sales Tax in 1990 Pakistan. In Singapore, Pheng and Loi (1994) explained that the ideal of GST is in Singapore due to the following reasons: In order to reduce reliance on direct taxes To maintain a lower corporate tax rate In order to reduce the dependence on personal income tax, due to the problem of population aging in Singapore In Malaysia, the introduction of goods and services tax purposes is to reduce the countrys growing budget deficit, so it is the purpose of improving tax collection and management. Veerinderjet believes that the target is a goods and services tax is full range (i.e., covering extensive or a wide range of goods and services base), and effective implementation, in order to have a stable source of revenue. Overall, the introduction of goods and services in Malaysia is to achieve the following objectives: To avoid tax cascades, multi tax and transfer pricing bias; To improve tax compliance and reduce tax avoidance and tax evasion; In order to realize the self supervision, reduce bureaucratic unnecessary and overelaborate formalities to reduce administrative costs; To further reduce the operating costs of enterprises by providing tax credits for business, In order to improve the competitiveness of Malaysia and improve efficiency 5.0 Conclusion Today, GST is an important issue in Malaysia, but it is believed that this will raise taxes on consumer income. Therefore, in order to ensure the smooth implementation of the commodity and service tax, all parties must be fully prepared, and give it full commitment. The public should not just rely on the government only to ensure its success, but the responsibility of the IE browser is particularly for the enterprise. Perhaps, by continuously reducing corporate taxes from 28% to 26% in 2008 has been mentioned in the 2007 budget, it will give the people a comfortable room, the company to submit to the consumer tax. The most important is that the consumption tax in the early course of the implementation of any weak link, should be improved and re designed to create a win-win situation involved in all the parties. As a conclusion, GST will enable the public to strengthen Malaysias economy and improve the quality of life

Antecedents of Safety Performance Behaviours: A Review

Antecedents of Safety Performance Behaviours: A Review Occupational safety is a vital issue that is affecting peoples lives and also countries economies dramatically. As the necessity of preventing the occupational accidents and illnesses occur, more researches are conducted to understand and improve the conditions that cause the hazards. (Neal Griffin, 2006) In this essay, the antecedents of performance safety behaviours would be critically reviewed. Work safety and the accident measures are vital for preventing the injuries and the occupation related illnesses. According to the data of HSE (Health and Safety Executive) Statistics 2009/2010; in UK, 152 people died at workplace 1,3 million worker are suffering from occupational based illnesses , 354 430 worker had injured (reportable and other injuries). The accidents and occupational illnesses also have an economic effect as 28,5 million work days were lost in total based on the injuries and illnesses. (The Health and Safety Executive, UK, 2010) The dramatic effect of occupational accidents and illnesses on human and economy forces for new precautions and further researches to improve the conditions that would affect the health of the workers. According to Fernà ¡ndez-Muà ±iz, Montes-Peà ³n Và ¡zquez-Ordà ¡s (2007) , for recovering from the recent situation in occupational injuries and illnesses, safety culture has an increasing interest by several fields. According to the research they have conducted on 455 Spanish companies, they have found out that the managers in the companies has direct and indirect vital roles in the means of providing a safety culture which effects the workers safe behaviour. Managers can affect the workers by founding a management system which would enforce the safety regulations and activities. Managers can also guide them to desired behaviour that would help them to improve a safer work environment. Safety culture is an important concept that comes to life after the Chernobyl disaster although there were studies examining the companies in the means of the effects of the policies, behaviours and precautions to their safety performance. One of the oldest theory is Heinrichs Domino theory (1930s) which is based on the five dominos that would fall in an accident sequence as the first one is social environment conducive to accidents and the others are fault of person. Even though lots of research had been conducted after this theory, safety culture is not totally clear in the means of understanding and implementation. Despite the organizational differences defined by industrial, regional, national, technological, companies experiences, managements view on safety culture, legal regulations, there are still common points that would define an efficient safety culture. In a successful safety culture, the workers should be aware of all the risks in their work and also they should be know and practice all the precautionary measures for their own safety. The workers also should be cautious about the new potential risks and inform the management about practices and developments.(Ostrom, Wilhesen Kaplan,1993) Safety Performance behaviours are strongly related with safety motivation and knowledge. Psychological and group safety climates are also has vital effects on the safety performance behaviours however group safety climate has the strongest association in the means of accidents and injuries. (Christian, Bradley, Wallace Burke, 2009) Neal and Griffin, (2006) argues that occupational performance is an efficient way to examine the relationship between safety behaviour and safety climate. Neal and Griffin, (2002) had divided the safety behaviour in to two as safety participation and safety compliance. Safety participation is related with the performance such as safety trainings, interaction with the other workers in the safety concerns, that is not particularly related with the workers own safety however sustain an organizational culture to improve safety at the workplace. Safety compliance is related with the workers performance that is needed to sustain the occupational safety such as wearing PPE (personal protective equipment) and comply with the organizational regulations. Christian et all., (2009) categorize antecedents as person related (proximal and distal antecedents) or situation related (safety climate and leadership) . Safety knowledge and safety motivation are determined as the proximal antecedents. Safety knowledge is important in the means of the personal fulfilment of the safety rules and actions. (Neal Griffin, 2002) As knowledge has a positive connection with performance behaviour it would also improve the success of the safety performance because the worker who had the related knowledge would behave safer. (Christian et all., 2009) Safety motivation is vital in the means of the workers motivation to fulfil safety rules and required actions. (Neal Griffin, 2002). Christian et all.(2009) assumes safety motivation positively effect the improvement in the number of accidents. Clarke and Robertson (2005), used the big five personality factors to examine their relation with the accidents. According to their research, low agreeableness and conscientiousness were found as related with the accident involvement. Even though highly extraverted workers might be considered as more likely to have accidents, the relation between extraversion and work place accidents were found invalid. The workers who have higher neuroticism are more likely to have problems in risky situations than the others and also because they could easily get demotivated they are more likely to have experience accidents. Christian et all., (2009) also used the big five personality factors to examine their relation with the accidents. By considering the conscientious workers features as being more responsible, dependable, and also more positively related to motivation than the other workers who has lower conscientiousness levels, they are less likely to have occupational accidents. Also as Clarke and Robertson, (2005) had founded, Christian et. all, (2009) suggests the workers who have higher neuroticism would have lower safety performance behaviour and higher chances to encounter to an accident. Locus of control is one of the big five personality factors. It is one of the most researched areas in psychology with self-esteem and neuroticism. (Judge, Erez, Bono Thoresen, 2002) The workers who have internal locus of control are more concerned in the safety issues where as the workers who has external locus of control are less likely to concern the safety. (Christian et. All, 2009) Propensity for risk taking is one of the big five personality factors that concerns about the reason why some people decide to perform more risky behaviours than the others. To examine the reasons that would cause the risky behaviours would enable the management to found better working risk management systems. According to the research, the tendency of risk consciousness is higher than it was before over the job markets not only about the financial risks but also the occupational accidents. (Nicholson, Soane, Fenton-OCreevy, Willman,2005) Safety climate can be defined as a concept that includes the safety policies, strategies and actions for providing the safety in the organisation. Otherwise safety culture is related with the beliefs and values that are shared by workers in the means of their reactions on the safety risks and management systems. The researches on safety climate generally concentrate on the main configuration of safety climate and also examines the connection between safety climate and outcome variables. Several researches were carried out to describe the safety climate hence they couldnt compromise on the main scope of safety climate as they provide an extensive scale of various main configurations. (Neal Griffin, 2002) As the former researches refers to a considerable connection between safety climate and accident involvement, (Clark, 2006) argues that safety climate has a small relation with occupational accidents even though it is successful in estimating the safety performance behaviours. Organizational safety climate has more effect than the individuals safety climate in safety performance as it consists of collective concepts in the group than individual ones.(Christian et all., 2009) Leadership is a situation related antecedent. Lately some researches are conducted in the means of examining the relationship between the leadership and safety climate which might have an effect on accidents and safe behaviour. Leader worker relations has a vital effect on the workers actions. The workers who have high-quality relationships with their leaders are more likely to have more positive safety behaviours because the leader and the worker would have connected to solve problems together. (Hofmann, Morgeson Gerras 2003) Also workers who have positive interactions with their leaders are more likely to respond their leaders positively then their colloquies. (Christian et. all, 2009) Every year a high number of workers are affected by the occupational accidents and illnesses which forces to research occupational safety to find solutions to improve the current situation. The managers have an important affect in the organizational culture to change the workers safety behaviours. (Fernà ¡ndez-Muà ±iz et all, 2007) Also workers should be aware of the all risks in their work and know how to prevent them. (Ostrom et. all, 1993) Safety motivation and safety knowledge is important for preventing the accidents. (Christian et. all, 2009) As we conduct the big five factor model to occupational safety behaviours, it has been found out that, low agreeableness and conscientiousness are related with the accident involvement (Clarke Robinson, 2005) Also the workers who has higher neuroticism are more open to the accidents. (Christian et. all, 2009) Organizational safety climate has also a positive affect on the workers safety behaviours. (Christian et. all, 2009) REFERENCES Christian, M.S., Bradley, J.C., Wallace, J.C., Burke, M.J.,( 2009), Workplace Safety: A Meta-Analysis of the Roles of Person and Situation Factors , Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1103-1127 Clark, S., Robertson, I.T., (2005), A meta- analytic review of the Big Five personality factors and accident involvement in occupational non-occupational settings. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(3), 355-376 Clark, S., (2006), The relationship between safety climate and safety performance: A meta-analytic review, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(4), 315-327 Fernà ¡ndez-Muà ±iz ,B., Montes-Peà ³n, J.M., Và ¡zquez-Ordà ¡s, C.J., (2007) ,Safety culture: Analysis of the causal relationships between its key dimensions, Journal of Safety Research, 38, 627-641 Hofmann, D.A., Morgeson, F.P. Gerras, S.J., (2003), Climate as a moderator of the relationship between leader-member exchange and content specific citizenship: Safety climate as an exemplar, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 170-178 Neal,A., Griffin ,M.A. (2002), Safety Climate and Safety Behaviour , Australian Journal of Management, 27, 67-76 Neal, A., Griffin, M.A., (2006), A study of the lagged relationships among safety climate, safety motivation, and accidents at the individual and group levels, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 946-953 Nicholson, N., Soane, E., Fenton-OCreevy, M., Willman, P.(2005), Personality and domain-specific risk taking, Journal of Risk Research, 8(2), 157-176 Ostrom, L., Wilhelmsen, C. and Kaplan, B. (1993) Assessing Safety Culture, Nuclear Safety, 34(2),163-172 The Health and Safety Statistics 2009/10,HSE 2010, http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/overall/hssh0910.pdf Judge, T.A., Erez, A., Bono, J.E., Thoresen, C.J., (2002), Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 693-710

Islam Essay -- essays research papers fc

Prospectus: The Conflict Between Modern and Traditional Islam Thesis:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the last decade the Islamic Religion has been making the change from a traditional society to a more modern society. With the wars over religion and the world as a whole making changes, many Islamic families are discovering that they are attached to their traditional views, but to keep up with the constantly changing world they are wondering if being modern and â€Å"American† is the way to a more productive live. Description of project: The central conflict in Islamic life today has been between modern and traditional views of the Islamic religion. The world has been changing so drastically over the last few decades, that it has caused the Islamic religion to become more modern rather than traditional. There is much conflict between traditional and modern views of Islam. I feel that with the high pace of today’s society Islam has become more modern. Many would like to keep the views and practices in a more traditional manner but with the constant hustle and bustle of society it is somewhat impossible for Muslims of today’s time to continue to practice in a strict traditional way. Bibliography: Afkar http://www.islam-online.net/english/index.shtml   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1999-2002 Islam online This particular website does two things it provides Islam history as well as contemporary ideas and how they are linked together. Ahlul Baht Digital Islamic Library Project. July 23, 1997   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://al-islam.org   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This website looks at Islamic beliefs and practices as well as Islamic history and current events. Alavi, Karima Diane. â€Å"Turning to the Islamic Faith.† America. 186 (March 2002):   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ebscohost. 20 paragraphs. Missouri Western State College Library. 4 March   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.mwsc.edu/~libww/. Reflects on the response of American Muslims to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the U.S. View that the hijackers twisted the ideals of Islam. Ali, M. Amir, Ph. D. http://www.iiie.net/islamicbeliefs.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2000. This website is mainly used for research on Islamic culture and contemporary issues. It also deals with Muslims in American life. Beverly, James A. â€Å"Is Islam a Religion of Pe... ...nbsp;Ebscohost. 4 paragraphs. Missouri Western State College Library. 23   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  February 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.mwsc.edu/~libww/. Reports on the views of religious broadcaster Pat Robertson on Islam. Smith, Jane I. Islam in America. Columbia University Press. New York. 2000. This book gives a detailed description of what the life of an Islam is like in America in the 20th and 21st century. Wakin, Daniel J. â€Å"Ranks of Latinos Turning to Islam are increasing.† New York Times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (January 2002): Ebscohost. 17 paragraphs. Missouri Western State College   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Library. 2 January 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.mwsc.edu/~libwww/. Focuses on the Alianza Islamica, an organization of Latino Muslims in New York City. Specific issues faced by Latino Muslims, including treatment by Arab Muslims and fellow Latinos. Wolfe, Micheal. â€Å" Islam: The next American Religion?† Beliefnet Columnist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://aol.beliefnet.com This website article discusses how the United States used to be a haven for Christian outcast, but that Islam may be the â€Å"new† religion.

Arche and Apeiron in Early Presocratic Philosophy :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Arche and Apeiron in Early Presocratic Philosophy Metaphysical speculation began, long before it was so named, among the presocratic Greeks as an enquiry into cosmology and first principles from two utterly disparate perspectives. The first of these, propounded by Herakleitos, noted the incessant flux (panta rhei) which characterises phenomena; the second, advanced by his contemporary Parmenides, taught the doctrine of a single immutable substance. These rivalling perspectives endure to this day: they announce one of the basic themes on which metaphysics since then has strung up an immense set of variations. Behind both stands the concept of arche, a term introduced into philosophical discourse by Anaximandros, rendered into English via Latin as ‘principle’ and bearing the meaning of the ‘first-begotten or underlying substance’ of all things. Historically this might be called the first brick to leave the kiln in which the metaphysical fire was burning. Moreover, where Thales’ teachings were apparently still subject to aural dispersion, Anaximandros, not content with the word of mouth, becomes the first philosopher among the still relatively small band of logographoi to publish his theories in a formal text. His book at once set out to encompass what was known and to be known and thereby furnished a role model (presumably peri physeos) for a dozen generations to come, carrying echoes down as far as the Romans (De rerum natura). It gave a comprehensive depiction of cosmogony and cosmology, astronomy and geography, meteorology and biology and down to a phylo geny of the human species. For Anaximandros, Barnes writes [19], â€Å"Nature embraces every object of experience and every subject of rational enquiry except the productions of human contrivance.† Meaning of ‘Apeiron’ His own contribution to the more stringently philosophical debate on archaeai was the startling concept of the apeiron, which leaps out of the pages of Greek philosophy like a spiky porcupine, never formally groomed as a legitimate occupant of place in a philosophical agenda dominated from the beginning by principles of rationality and intelligibility. We may supposed it to have emerged from debate on candidates for the ‘Urstoff’ or primeval substance; and it is perhaps permissible to suppose lively exchanges on the virtues and demerits of sundry elements, culminating in a shock of recognition by Anaximandros that none of these substances, being determinate, qualified and hence failed to satisfy empirical as well as theoretical criteria. The apeiron, initially perhaps merely a device to evade commitment to untenable propositions, proved itself in the long run a truly metaphysical conception with ramifications that have resisted erosion by time.

Principles of Safeguarding Essay

Introduction OCR has reproduced this exemplar candidate evidence to support teachers in interpreting the assessment criteria for the unit HSC 024, Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care. This exemplar evidence should be considered alongside the unit requirements, the Learning  Outcomes and Assessment Criteria. This content has been selected by the OCR Chief External Verifier for the Health and Social Care Diplomas, to illustrate how the assessment criteria are applied, and to provide some commentary on what factors contributed to the final outcome. The exemplar candidate evidence is intended to demonstrate how criteria have been met and are supported by a commentary. While the exemplars are intended to be useful in interpreting the specification’s Assessment Criteria, they should in no way be regarded as definitive evidence. This resource is provided for advice and guidance only. Read more: Identify ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved  essay 4 Unit HSC 024 Exemplar Unit: HSC 024 – Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and  social care  unit purpose †¢ Raises awareness of how to recognise signs of abuse †¢ Raises awareness of how to respond to suspected or alleged abuse †¢ Introduces national policies and local systems of safeguarding †¢ Introduces ways to reduce the likelihood of abuse †¢ Raises awareness of how to recognise and report unsafe practices 5 Unit HSC 024 Evidence for Learning Outcome 1 Know how to recognise signs of abuse Assessment Criteria: AC1.1 – Define the following types of abuse: †¢ Physical abuse †¢ Sexual abuse †¢ Emotional/psychological abuse †¢ Financial abuse †¢ Institutional abuse †¢ Self-neglect †¢ Neglect by others AC 1.2 – Identify the signs and/or symptoms associated with each type of abuse Extract from Assignment: Assignment: ‘Define the following seven types of abuse and for each include their associated signs and symptoms: ‘physical, sexual, emotional/psychological, financial, institutional, self-neglect and neglect by others.’ Response: ‘1) Physical abuse is deliberate physical force that may result in bodily injury, pain, or impairment. Both old and young people can be physically abused. There are signs or indicators to show physical abuse and there are ways in which victims and abusers act or interact with each other. Physical abuse includes the smashing of furniture and personal belongings, being pushed or shoved, being held against your will, slapped, bitten, kicked, pinched, punched, choked or ducked under water, threatened or hurt with a weapon, threats of violence, locked in or out of the house, hair pulled †¦burnt with cigarettes, acid, an iron, hot food or water †¦ Signs of physical abuse in adults are: bruising, particularly in well-protected and covered areas, fractures, sprains or dislocations, lacerations, burns – including friction burns and scalds, drowsiness, pressure sores, cowering and flinching, unexplained hair loss, significant weight loss, etc†¦. Symptoms include feeling low, angry and in pain. 2) Sexual abuse is when a person is forced or tricked into taking part in any kind of sexual activity. When sexual contact is non-consensual, it is an abuse. It can happen to men and women of any age that is both old and young. It can include sexual penetration of any part of the body with a penis, finger or any object, sexual exploitation, making threats about sexual  activities, exposure to pornographic material, touching of breast or genitals, kissing, etc. Activities such as showing pornographic material, forcing the person to watch sex acts or forcing the person to undress are also considered sexual abuse. The signs and symptoms of sexual abuse in the elderly can be bruises around breasts or genitals, genital infections, unexplained vaginal or anal bleeding, torn, stained, or bloody underwear, disturbed sleep patterns, vulnerable adult appears withdrawn and fearful, inappropriate dressing, etc†¦ 3) Emotional Abuse is where one person gains power and control over another through words and gestures which gradually undermine the other’s self-respect†¦Emotional abuse can be name-calling, blaming, screaming, making threats, yelling†¦.neglecting, manipulation, not listening, withholding affection†¦belittling and untrue accusations. Signs of emotional abuse are depression, anxiety, withdrawing or refusing affection, fearful or agitation, lower self-esteem and self-confidence, shouting or swearing, behaviours such as rocking, hair twisting and self-mutilation, vulnerable adult withdrawn and fearful†¦ 6 Unit HSC 024 Response continued: 4) Financial abuse is stealing or defrauding someone of money, goods and/or property, allowing others to steal money or property, tricking or threatening individuals into giving away money or property, withholding money, refusing to allow individuals to manage their finances, etc. for example when a support worker is taking money from a service users’ purse without his or her knowledge. Signs of financial abuse are signatures on cheques that do not resemble the service users’ signature, or signed when the service user cannot write, unexplained withdrawals of large sums of money by a person accompanying the  service user, lack of amenities, such as TV, personal grooming items, appropriate clothing, that the service user should be able to afford, deliberate isolation of service user from friends and family, resulting in the support worker alone having total control, the unexplained sudden transfer of assets to a family member or someone outside the family†¦. Symptoms include the person feeling fearful, anxious, embarrassed and belittled. 5) Institutional abuse happens when the lifestyles of service users are sacrificed in favour of the routines and/or restrictive practices of the home. Institutional abuse comprises neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, discriminatory abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, financial abuse, service users not being allowed to go out, their personal letters are opened and read, their privacy not respected, their interest not at the centre of every decision being made, excessive medication and complaints procedure not made available for the service users. Signs and symptoms include lack of own personal clothing and possessions, †¦no flexibility of bedtimes, eating times or waking times, dirty clothing or bed linen, misuse of medication, lack of care plans, lack of heating, staff entering into service users’ rooms without knocking. 6) Self-neglect is when a person does not pay attention to their health and well-being. Service users can neglect themselves due to illness or depression or might intentionally neglect themselves. The signs and symptoms include: living in dirty conditions, poor personal hygiene, poor nutrition†¦not getting medical help, not being interested in the way they look, long toe nails not taking medication. 7) Neglect is when a carer does not carry out their duty of care and fails to care for a service user this can be deliberate or unintentional due to the carer being ill or stressed†¦ Signs and symptoms of neglect include absence of food, water, and heat†¦ poor personal hygiene including soiled clothing, dirty nails and skin†¦inappropriately dressed for cold or hot weather, bedsores†¦.constant hunger, withdrawn, illness†¦ COMMENTARY FOR EVIDENCE FOR ACS 1.1 and 1.2 †¢ Assessment Method: The learner has completed an assignment to explain the meaning of each of these seven types of abuse as well as their associated signs and symptoms. The learner has produced factual details that provide evidence for ACs 1.1 and 1.2. The assessment method is valid as it measures the learner’s understanding and knowledge of the definitions and signs and symptoms associated for each type of abuse. †¢ Quality of Evidence: The learner’s response is of a good quality because the learner reflects own understanding of the meaning of each type of abuse. The learner also provides a very detailed account of the signs and symptoms associated with each type of abuse and distinguishes well between signs (what can be seen) and symptoms (the way the individual feels). The information that the question extracts from the learner is more than is required to meet this AC; as the learner provides a description, where a list of the different signs and/or symptoms would have been sufficient. †¢ Breadth of Evidence: The learner has stated clearly the meaning and signs and symptoms of each type of abuse. The learner’s evidence meets AC1.1 fully in terms of providing a definition and the signs and symptoms of the following types of abuse: physical, sexual, emotional/psychological, financial, institutional, self-neglect and neglect by others. 7 Unit HSC 024 Assessment Criteria: AC1.3 – Describe factors that may contribute to an individual being more vulnerable to abuse. Extract from Written Questioning: Written Question: ‘Describe different factors that may contribute to an individual being more vulnerable to abuse’: Response: Living with the carer may increase the chances for abuse to occur as this may cause stress and resentment if the carer feels they cannot cope. If an individual is looked after staff who do not have the right training, any supervision at work or support, are stressed, have personal problems or do  not like working in care then this can increase the risk of an individual being abused. If an individual is not mobile, is confused, has dementia, or is aggressive or challenging then this can increase the risk of abuse as the carer might not know how to deal with this, get frustrated and might take it personally and abuse the individual. Domestic violence can also play a part as can the relationship between the individual and their parent or spouse if it was poor and involved abuse.’ COMMENTARY FOR EVIDENCE FOR AC 1.3 †¢ Assessment Method: The assessor has used an open written question with this learner ‘Describe different factors†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢; this encourages the learner to think about the different ways an individual can be more vulnerable to abuse and provides them with an opportunity to provide a more detailed response and to also provide evidence for AC1.3. The assessment method is valid as it measures the learner’s understanding and knowledge of the factors that may contribute to abuse. †¢ Quality of Evidence: The learner’s response is of a good quality because the learner reflects own full understanding of the different factors that may contribute to an individual being more vulnerable to abuse in terms of the social care worker, the carer, the individual including the relationship between these as well as the health and social care setting itself. †¢ Breadth of Evidence: The learner has detailed clearly the different factors that may contribute. The lea rner’s evidence meets AC1.3 fully in terms of providing a description of the factors that may contribute to an individual being more vulnerable to abuse. 8 Unit HSC 024 Evidence for Learning Outcome 2 Know how to respond to suspected or alleged abuse Assessment Criteria: AC2.1 – Explain the actions to take if there are suspicions that an individual is being abused Extract from Written Questioning: Written Question: ‘Explain the actions to take if there are suspicions that an individual is being abused: Response: ‘If I suspect abuse through noticing a sign of physical abuse or change in the behaviour of an individual, I will make sure that I ask the individual what has happened telling the individual the changes that I have noticed. If it is in my place of work and the name of the person that abused the individual is known, whether staff or another service user, I must also record and report this. I will listen to the individual carefully; it is up to them to tell me, I would not ask them any questions about this as this is not part of my job role and would stay calm. I will make sure that I record what the individual tells me using the individual’s own words. I will make sure that I reassure the individual and explain that their safety is the most important and that it is my duty of care to tell the manager. I will make sure that I let my manager know what has happened immediately and pass this information on in private and make sure my report is also confidential. I will only report and record the facts – what the individual has told me. Depending on what is found out the individual might need to continue to be monitored and a plan of care will be put in place that must be followed to protect the service user. ‘I will make sure that I let my manager know and report and record this in private but if the allegation is about my manager or the manager is unwilling to do anything, I will follow my company policy of reporting abuse and report to CQC.’ 9 Unit HSC 024 Assessment Criteria: AC2.2 – Explain the actions to take if an individual alleges that they are being abused Extract from Written Questioning: Written Question: ‘Explain the actions to take if an individual alleges that they are being abused: Response: ‘If an individual alleges that they are being abused, I will make sure that I listen to the individual carefully to know exactly what happened. If it is in my place of work and the name of the person that abused the individual is known, whether staff or another service user, I must also record and report this. I will make sure that I record the detail of all allegations that the individual tells me using the individual’s own words; I will not ask any questions or make any judgements about what I have been told and I will stay calm. I will make sure that I record the date and time when the abuse was reported and then sign this record. I will make sure that I take the allegations seriously and reassure the individual that they are right to tell me as their safety is the most important.  I will make sure that I let my manager know and report and record this in private but if the allegation is about my manager or the manager is unwilling to do anything, I will follow my company policy of reporting abuse and report to CQC.’ COMMENTARY FOR EVIDENCE FOR ACS 2.1 and 2.2 †¢ Assessment Method: The assessor has used an open written question with this learner ‘Explain the actions to take†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ for each AC; this encourages the learner to think about the different actions that need to be taken when there are suspicions and allegations of abuse made. The assessment method is valid as it measures the learner’s understanding and knowledge of how to respond to both suspicions and allegations of abuse. †¢ Quality of Evidence: The learner’s response is of a good quality because the learner reflects own full understanding of the two different sets of actions that need to be followed for suspicions and allegations of abuse including when nothing is done in response to these: ‘if the allegation is about my manager or the manager is unwilling to do anything, I will follow my company policy of reporting abuse and report to CQC.’ The learner also details own knowledge of who may be implicated in both allegations and  suspicions of abuse and the actions that must be taken: ‘If it is in my place of work and the name of the person that abused the individual is known, whether staff or another service user, I must also record and report this†¦ if the allegation is about my manager or the manager is unwilling to do anything, I will follow my company policy of reporting abuse and report to CQC.’ †¢ Breadth of Evidence: The learner has detailed cl early the actions to take for both suspicions and allegations of abuse. The learner’s evidence meets ACs 1.1 and 1.2 fully in terms of providing an explanation of the actions to take if there are suspicions that an individual is being abused and if an individual alleges that they are being abused. The learner’s response can also be cross referenced to ACs 5.1 and 5.2. 10 Unit HSC 024 Assessment Criteria: AC2.3 – Identify ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved Extract from Written Questioning: Written Question: ‘List different ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved: Response: ‘Ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved are as follows: By leaving things as they are and not touching anything.  By not removing, cleaning or washing what the individual is wearing and by not handling the individual’s clothes or bedding. By keeping the area safe and not allowing anyone to enter into the area. By recording and reporting carefully, confidentially and in full all that was told to me by both the individual and others if present at the time and also what I noticed; stating the facts only. By preserving any first aid items used. COMMENTARY FOR EVIDENCE FOR AC 2.3 †¢ Assessment Method: The assessor has used a clear written question with this learner ‘List different ways †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ; this encourages the learner to identify  different ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved. The assessment method is valid as it measures the learner’s understanding and knowledge of the different methods of how to preserve evidence of abuse. †¢ Quality of Evidence: The learner’s response is of a good quality because the learner reflects own full understanding of the different ways of preserving evidence of abuse and includes a range of practical ways this can be done in terms of both protecting evidence physically as well as clear recording and reporting procedures. †¢ Breadth of Evidence: The learner has clearly identified the different ways of preserving evidence of abuse. The learner’s evidence meets AC 2.3 fully in terms of identifying ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved. 11 Unit HSC 024 Evidence for Learning Outcome 3 Understand the national and local context of safeguarding and protection from abuse Assessment Criteria: AC 3.1 – Identify national policies and local systems that relate to safeguarding and protection from abuse AC 3.2 – Explain the roles of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse Extract from Written Questioning: Written Question: ‘List the national policies and local systems that relate to safeguarding and protection from abuse and explain the roles of different agencies: Response: ‘National policies – †¦.’Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006, the Vetting and Barring Scheme run by the Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA), Criminal Records Bureau, Human Rights Act 1998. Local Systems – Safeguarding Adults Boards, Safeguarding policies and procedures for vulnerable adults.’  Safeguarding Adults Boards – these bring together a number of different local agencies that work with vulnerable adults to share information and monitor their work i.e. local agencies like the police, MIND, housing teams, advocacy groups. The Police – their role is to safeguard vulnerable adults, investigate all reports of vulnerable adult abuse and protect and uphold the rights of vulnerable adults. CQC – to monitor and provide guidance on what all health and social care providers must do to safeguard vulnerable adults from abuse; the safeguarding policies, procedures and systems developed are in place to prevent vulnerable adults from being abused.’ COMMENTARY FOR EVIDENCE FOR AC 2.3 †¢ Assessment Method: The assessor has used a clear written question with this learner and paired together these two ACs ‘List the national policies and local systems †¦and explain the roles of different agencies’ ; this encourages the learner to identify relevant policies and systems as well as explain the role of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse. The assessment method is valid as it measures the learner’s understanding and knowledge of national policies, local systems and the role of agencies. †¢ Quality of Evidence: The learner’s response is of a good quality because the learner reflects a full understanding of both national policies and local systems that relate to safeguarding and protection and then details the specific role of three different agencies: Safeguarding Adults Boards, The Police and the CQC in safeguarding and protecting vulnerable adults from abuse. †¢ Breadth of Evidence: The learner has clearly identified national policies and local systems and detailed the roles of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse. The learner’s evidence meets ACs 3.1 and 3.2 fully in terms of identifying national policies and local systems that relate to safeguarding and protection from abuse and explaining the roles of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting vulnerable adults from abuse. 12 Unit HSC 024 Assessment Criteria: AC3.3 – Identify reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse Extract from Written Questioning: Written Question: ‘List reports into serious failures to protect vulnerable adults from abuse: Response: ‘A report about Castlebeck Care Ltd which failed to ensure that the vulnerable living at Winterbourne View were adequately protected from risk, including the risks of unsafe practices by its own staff. Individuals in Winterbourne View which is a home owned by Castlebeck Care Ltd were pinned down, slapped, doused in cold water and repeatedly taunted and teased by staff in the home. Castlebeck Care Ltd failed to notify the Care Quality Commission of these incidents, injuries to individuals and of occasions when individuals had gone missing. A report about the murder of Steven Hoskin, a young man with learning difficulties who was abused and murdered in July 2006. In addition to being pushed over the railway and falling from a great height, it was also found that Steven had taken paracetamol tablets, had been drinking alcohol and had sustained recent injuries from cigarette burns. In addition he suffered appalling treatment from his abusers who took over his bed sit and he had neck bruises from having been hauled around his home by his own pet’s dog-lead and the backs of his hands had the  marks of foot-prints.’ COMMENTARY FOR EVIDENCE FOR AC 3.3 †¢ Assessment Method: The assessor has used a clear written question with this learner ‘List reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse’; this encourages the learner to identify reports into serious  failures to protect individuals from abuse The assessment method is valid as it measures the learner’s knowledge of different reports into serious failures to protect vulnerable adults from abuse. †¢ Quality of Evidence: The learner’s response is of a good quality because the learner reflects a full understanding of two different reports where there were serious failures to protect vulnerable adults from abuse. The information that the question extracts from the learner is more than is required to meet this AC; as the learner provides a description, where a list of reports into serious failures would have been sufficient. †¢ Breadth of Evidence: The learner has clearly identified reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse. The learner’s evidence meets AC 3.3 fully in terms of identifying reports into serious failures to protect vulnerable adults from abuse. 13 Unit HSC 024 Assessment Criteria: AC 3.4 – Identify sources of information and advice about own role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse Extract from Oral Questioning: Oral Question: ‘Where can you go to get information and advice about your role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse?: Response: ‘Local authority Adult Services Department like Social Services My manager, colleagues My company’s policies and procedures on safeguarding The internet Care Quality Commission Independent Safeguarding Authority Books Training and advice from training centres.’ COMMENTARY FOR EVIDENCE FOR AC 3.4: †¢ Assessment Method: The assessor has used a clear oral question with this learner ‘Where can you go to get information and advice†¦.; this encourages the learner to identify different sources of information and advice in safeguarding and protecting vulnerable adults. The assessment method is valid as it measures the learner’s knowledge of different sources of information and advice. †¢ Quality of Evidence: The learner’s response is of a good quality because the learner reflects a full understanding of the different sources of information and advice available from both own workplace and external agencies. Due to this AC being an ‘identify’ the information could also have been presented in the form of a spidergram. †¢ Breadth of Evidence: The learner has clearly identified sources of information and advice. The learner’s evidence meets AC 3.4 fully in terms of identifying sources of information and advice about own role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse. 14 Unit HSC 024 Evidence for Learning Outcome 4 Understand ways to reduce the likelihood of abuse Assessment Criteria: AC 4.1 – Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced by: †¢ working with person centred values †¢ encouraging active participation †¢ promoting choice and rights Extract 1 from Discussion: Discussion: ‘Tell me about how working with person centred values can reduce the likelihood of abuse: Response: ‘Person-centred values include the individuality of the person, the rights of  the individual, the individual’s choice, the individual’s privacy, the individual’s independence, the individual’s dignity and the individual being respected If person centred values are taken into consideration when supporting an individual there is less likely to be abuse as all the staff will be working in the same way and will feel shamed if they abuse because of the way that they have been taught to work. If an individual is considered to have a say in what he or she wants and is at the centre of any decision, it will be more unlikely that there is abuse. The individual will know what suits him or her and will not get so frustrated. I always put the service users I work with, their families and friends at the centre of any decision about them and they are an active partner in their own care. Individuals decide what to do, where to go, what clothes to wear and are tr eated with dignity, respect, confidentiality and are able to make their own choices.’ Extract 2 from Discussion: Discussion: ‘Tell me about how encouraging active participation can reduce the likelihood of abuse: Response: ‘Active participation is a way of working that recognises an individual’s right to participate in the activities and relationships of everyday life as independently as possible; the individual is regarded as an active partner in their own care or support, rather than a passive recipient. So if the individual participates actively in their daily activities, which is what I practice, then the risk of abuse is low. For example in choosing the kind of meal to prepare I support individuals to make the lists of what they want to buy and go shopping with them so that they can choose the brand they want. The individual cooks the food the way they want it with little or no support. This is the same with all choices of clothes and outings.’ Extract 3 from Discussion: Discussion: ‘Tell me about how promoting choice and rights can reduce the likelihood of abuse: Response: ‘Individuals are supported to make their choices in anything they want like in choosing food or drink, in what to wear, whether to use hot or cold water  to bathe, etc. No individual will choose what will hurt him or her therefore abuse is reduced to the minimum. Individuals’ rights are promoted throughout the service. My service user has the right to do anything that they wish to do and if it is what they want as long as it is not dangerous; a risk assessment is then done to stop any abuse happening. I ensure that I promote service users’ rights and choices by allowing them to make their own choices and support them to have the rights of anyone else.’ 15 Unit HSC 024 COMMENTARY FOR EVIDENCE FOR AC 4.1 †¢ Assessment Method: The assessor has used discussion to encourage the learner to think about how the likelihood of abuse can be reduced. ‘Tell me about†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ encourages the learner to provide a more detailed response and to also provide evidence to fully meet AC4.1. The assessment method is valid as it measures the learner’s understanding of how to reduce the likelihood of abuse. †¢ Quality of Evidence: The learner’s response is of a good quality because it reflects a full understanding of how the likelihood of abuse occurring can be reduced. The learner divides up own response to address each part of this AC in full and details how working with person-centred values, encouraging active participation and promoting choice and rights can each specifically reduce the likelihood of abuse from occurring. The learner also includes some good examples of how she applies these approaches to own working practices in own health and social care setting. †¢ Breadth of Evidence: The learner has detailed clearly how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced. The learner’s evidence meets AC4.1 fully in terms of providing an explanation of how working with person-centred values, encouraging active participation and promoting choice and rights can reduce the likelihood of abuse occurring. 16 Unit HSC 024 Assessment Criteria: AC 4.2 – Explain the importance of an accessible complaints procedure for reducing the likelihood of abuse Extract from Discussion: Discussion: ‘Tell me about why an accessible complaints procedure is important for reducing the likelihood of abuse’: Response: ‘The complaints procedure gives the complainant the right to be heard and supported to make their views known. An accessible complaints procedure is understandable and easy to use. It sets out clearly how to make a complaint, the steps that will be taken when the complaint is looked into. It also provides flexibility in relation to target response times. An accessible complaints procedure resolves complaints more quickly as the complainant feels that they are being listened to and their complaint taken seriously. This sets up an open culture of making sure that abuse will not be tolerated in any form and encourages the complainant to not accept this. I remember when Mr R felt very happy when his complaint of being denied sleep was recorded in the complaints procedure. I supported him to write down the complaint and this was taken seriously†¦.’ COMMENTARY FOR EVIDENCE FOR AC 4.2: †¢ Assessment Method: The assessor has used discussion to encourage the learner to think about the importance of an accessible complaints procedure. ‘Tell me about†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ encourages the learner to provide a more detailed response and to also provide evidence to fully meet AC4.2. The assessment method is valid as it measures the learner’s understanding of the importance of an accessible complaints procedure for reducing the likelihood of abuse. †¢ Quality of Evidence: The learner’s response is of a good quality because it reflects a full understanding of how the likelihood of abuse occurring can be reduced by an accessible complaints procedure. The learner begins by detailing her understanding of the meaning of an accessible complaints procedure and then ends on an example of the support provided to an individual in own health and social care setting. †¢ Breadth of Evidence: The learner has detailed clearly how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced. The learner’s evidence meets AC4.2 fully in terms of providing an explanation of the importance of an accessible complaints procedure for reducing the likelihood of abuse. 17 Unit HSC 024 Evidence for Learning Outcome 5 Know how to recognise and report unsafe practices Assessment Criteria: AC 5.1 – Describe unsafe practices that may affect the wellbeing of individuals Extract from Personal Statement: Personal Statement: ‘Describe unsafe practices that may affect the wellbeing of individuals’: Response: ‘Unsanitary conditions can spread infection as cross-contamination can occur and can affect the well-being of the individual and others. Improper hand washing can also pose a risk. Dirty kitchen surfaces and equipment can spread infections, not covering hair when cooking can pose a risk to individual as can not reporting faulty equipment when working or not having cleaning materials can also be unsafe. In terms of health and safety not having risk assessments in place when a service user hurts themselves. Staff not checking when a service user is ill or unsteady on their feet. Staff not recording in care plans about a service user’s wellbeing and health and not monitoring them. Other unsafe practices which also amount to abuse can occur such as leaving a service user on the toilet too long, ignoring or not listening to them.  Marks on body not taken seriously and complaints not taken seriously can put them at more danger, harm and risk of abuse. I ensure that I keep to all the procedures for checking for abuse and the wellbeing of the individuals that I work with; by following these and the individual’s care plan I keep within  the minimum standards of care and also work in a person centred way to make sure all individuals are happy and safe.’ COMMENTARY FOR EVIDENCE FOR AC 5.1: †¢ Assessment Method: The learner’s personal statement provides the learner with an opportunity to express own understanding of unsafe practices. The assessment method is valid as it measures the learner’s understanding and knowledge of unsafe practices that may affect the wellbeing of individuals. †¢ Quality of Evidence: The learner’s response is of a good quality because the learner details own understanding of a range of different unsafe practices that may affect the wellbeing of individuals including those relating to the spread of infection, health and safety, neglect and abuse of individuals. The learner concludes by confirming how she works in line with agreed ways of working: ‘I keep within the minimum standards of care and also work in a person centred way to make sure all individuals are happy and safe.’ †¢ Breadth of Evidence: The learner has given a detailed account of a range of different unsafe practices. The learner’s evidence meets AC5.1 fully in terms of providing a description of unsafe practices that may affect the wellbeing of individuals. 18 Unit HSC 024 Assessment Criteria: AC 5.2 – Explain the actions to take if unsafe practices have been identified Extract from Personal Statement: Personal Statement: ‘Explain the actions to take if unsafe practices have been identified ’: Response: ‘If I identify unsafe practices then I must follow the whistle-blowing procedure and report to the appropriate person(s). I will report to my manager immediately or if it involves my manager then to another appropriate person(s). I will monitor all unsafe practices and make sure that I record  and report in full all the evidence and then will talk to my manager because all unsafe practices are dangerous practices that could cause harm to the individual and others. For example, I talked to my manager last week about things being left on the stairs that may cause service users and others to fall over and hurt themselves. She has talked to the staff and now this has stopped.’ COMMENTARY FOR EVIDENCE FOR AC 5.2: †¢ Assessment Method: The learner’s personal statement provides the learner with an opportunity to express own understanding of the actions to take over unsafe practices. The assessment method is valid as it measures the learner’s understanding and knowledge of the actions to take when unsafe practices have been identified. †¢ Quality of Evidence: The learner’s response is of a good quality because the learner details own understanding of the full actions that need to be taken when unsafe practices have been identified. The learner concludes by explaining the actions taken when unsafe practices were identified in own health and social care setting: ‘†¦I talked to my manager last week about things being left on the stairs that may cause service users and others to fall over and hurt themselves. She has talked to the staff and now this has stopped.’ †¢ Breadth of Evidence: The learner has given a detailed account of the actions that must be taken when unsafe practices occur. The learner’s evidence meets AC5.1 fully in terms of providing an explanation of the actions to take if unsafe practices have been identified. 19 Unit HSC 024 Assessment Criteria: AC 5.3 – Describe the action to take if suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response Extract from Personal Statement: Personal Statement: Describe the actions to take if suspected abuse or unsafe  practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response: Response: ‘If suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response or if it has to do with my manager then I will report to the next level or manager. If it has to do with my manager then I will report to management, then to the social worker and safeguarding team and to the care quality commission and even to the police depending on the response I get. When I worked in a nursing home there was some abuse of service users being left too long on the toilet and I talked to the nurse in charge and changes were made immediately. I had to record the information and give the nurse and manager a copy of my confidential report. If the nurse or manager had not done this then I would follow the whistle blowing procedure.’ COMMENTARY FOR EVIDENCE FOR AC 5.3: †¢ Assessment Method: The learner’s personal statement provides the learner with an opportunity to express own understanding of the actions to take over reported suspected abuse or unsafe practices that have not been responded to. The assessment method is valid as it measures the learner’s understanding and knowledge of the actions to take when unsafe practices or suspected abuse have been reported but nothing has been done in response. †¢ Quality of Evidence: The learner’s response is of a good quality because the learner details own understanding of the full actions that need to be taken when suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response. The learner concludes by explaining the actions taken in relation to unsafe practices that were identified in a health and social care setting: ‘†¦When I worked in a nursing home there was some abuse of service users being left too long on the toilet and I tal ked to the nurse in charge and changes were made immediately. I had to record the information and give the nurse and manager a copy of my confidential report. If the nurse or manager had not done this then I would have followed the whistle blowing procedure.’ †¢ Breadth of Evidence: The learner has given a detailed account of the actions that must be taken when suspected abuse or unsafe practices occur and nothing has been done in response. The learner’s evidence meets AC5.3  fully in terms of providing a description of the actions to take if suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response. 20 Unit HSC 024 Summary of How Exemplar Evidence for HSC 024 Meets the Assessment Requirements and Assessment Criteria Variety of assessment methods used Yes Oral and Written questioning Personal Statement Assignment Discussion Valid assessment methods used Yes All assessment methods used were appropriate for validating the learner’s knowledge of all the assessment criteria in this unit. Quality and Breadth of evidence sufficient Yes Evidence provided meets all the assessment criteria fully. 21 Unit HSC 024 This resource has been produced to support your delivery of OCR’s Health and Social qualification. These are not mandatory but are provided to offer you creative and informative materials that you may wish to use with your learners. Disclaimer Please note that whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the content, OCR’s resources are provided for general information purposes only to be used at the discretion of teachers and centres. The resources are provided for guidance purposes only and do not constitute an endorsed teaching method that is required by the Board. OCR shall not have any liability whatsoever for any losses, including losses for any misinterpretation, or subsequent impact howsoever caused. 22 CONTACT US Keep up to date on the latest news by registering to receive e-alerts at www.ocr.org.uk/updates OCR Customer Contact Centre Vocational qualifications Telephone 024 76 851509 Facsimile 024 76 851633 Email vocational.qualifications@ocr.org.uk For staff training purposes and as part of our quality assurance programme your call may be recorded or monitored.  © OCR 2013 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations is a Company Limited by Guarantee. Registered in England. Registered office 1 Hills Road, Cambridge CB1 2EU. Registered company number 3484466. OCR is an exempt charity.